Ubwenge bukorano (AI): Ni iki? Ikora ite? Ifasha iki? Ni izihe mpungenge iteje?

Ikoranabuhanga rya Artificial Intelligence (AI) ririmo kwihuta ku muvuduko ukomeye kandi ririmo guhindura ibyiciro byinshi by’ubuzima bw’iki gihe.

Gusa, inzobere zimwe zifite impungenge z’uko rishobora gukoreshwa mu migambi mibisha kandi rikaba ribangamiye imirimo myinshi yakorwaga na muntu.

AI ni iki kandi ikora ite?

AI ituma mudasobwa ikora kandi ikanasubiza ku kintu runaka nk’aho ari umuntu ubikoze.

Ubu hari applications’ (apps) zo muri mudasobwa zakira amakuru menshi cyane kandi zigatozwa kumenya ibitandukanye biyagize, kugira ngo zigire ibyo ziyabyaza, zisubize amahurizo, ndetse zinamenye aho ubwazo zakoze amakosa.
Uretse amakuru(data), ikoranabuhanga rya AI ryubakiye ku buhanga bwa algorithm, bisobanuye urutonde rw’amategeko akurikizwa mu murongo nyawo wo gusubiza cyangwa gukora umurimo runaka, cyane cyane bikozwe na mudasobwa.
Iri koranabuhanga niryo ryubakiyeho uburyo bwo gutanga amabwiriza n’ijwi ryawe kuri apps za Siri na Alexa kuri mudasobwa zimwe na zimwe.

Niryo kandi rituma imbuga nka YouTube, BBC iPlayer, na Spotify ziguha amahitamo y’ibindi bintu wareba, rifasha kandi Facebook na Twitter kumenya ubutumwa zikwereka bitewe n’ubwo wagiye ureba mbere.

AI ifasha urubuga rwa Amazon n’izindi abantu bahahiraho kwiga imyifatire y’abaziguriraho kugira ngo zibereke ibindi bashobora gukenera.

ChatGPT na My AI yo kuri Snapchat zo ni bwoko ki?

ChatGPT na Snapchat My AI ni ‘applications’ ebyiri zikomeye zishingiye kuri AI zirimo kuvugwa cyane muri aya mezi ashize. Ni ingero ebyiri z’ibyo bita “generative AI”. Izi zikoresha uburyo bubasha kumenya neza amakuru (data) menshi cyane zifite no kuyakoresha mu kurema ikintu gishya cy’umwimerere nk’inyandiko, amashusho, amajwi, amafoto n’ibindi kuburyo ushobora kugira ngo ni icyakozwe n’umuntu. Hano AI ihuzwa na porogramu ya za mudasobwa yitwa “chatbot”, “ivugisha” abantu abayikoresha biciye mu nyandiko.

Nka ChatGPT igusubiza ikoresheje amakuru(data) yahawe ari kuri internet yo kugeza muri Nzeri(9) 2021.
Izo ‘apps’ n’izindi zigezweho nkazo, zibasha gusubiza ibibazo abantu bazibajije, kubara inkuru, kurema amafoto, n’amashusho, ndetse no kwandika za code z’ikoranabuhanga abahanga bashobora kwifashisha.

Ariko ziriya apps zombi rimwe na rimwe zitanga ibisubizo bitari ukuri ku bazikoresha, ndetse rimwe na rimwe zigatanga ibintu birimo irondaruhu cyangwa gushyira hejuru igitsina runaka (sexism).

Kuki hari ababona ko AI iteje akaga?

Mu gihe ubu nta mategeko ariho agenga imikoreshereze ya AI, inzobere ziburira ko hari ibyago bishingiye ku iterambere ry’iri koranabuhanga.

Bamwe bamaze gutangaza ko ubushakashatsi bundi ku guteza imbere AI bukwiye guhagarikwa.

Muri Gicurasi(5), Geoffrey Hinton, umuntu ufatwa nk’uri mu batangije ubu buhanga bwa ‘Artificial Intelligence’, yavuye mu kazi muri Google, aburira ko ziriya robots ziganira mu gihe cya vuba zizarusha abantu ubwenge.
Nyuma muri uku kwezi, ikigo Center for AI Safety cyo muri Amerika, cyatangaje raporo ishyigikiwe n’inzobere zirenga 10 muri iri koranabuhanga.

Kuri bo, AI ishobora kuzifashishwa mu gucura no gutanga amakuru atari yo ashobora guhungabanya sosiyete y’abatuye isi.

Mu buryo bubi cyane bushoboka, imashini zishobora kuzagira ubwenge kuburyo zigira ububasha bwose, bikaba byatera kuzima kwa muntu.
Margrethe Vestager, ushinzwe ikoranabuhanga muri European Union (EU), yabwiye OASISGAZETTE ko amahirwe ya AI yatumye ibiyibazwaho ku mpungenge iteje biba byinshi.

Atewe impungenge by’umwihariko n’uruhare AI ishobora kugira mu gufata ibyemezo mu bintu bisanzwe by’imibereho ya muntu, nko gusaba inguzanyo, akongeraho ko hari “impungenge zidashidikanywaho” ko AI ishobora kuzakoreshwa mu kugena uko amatora azajya arangira.

Abandi, nk’umwe mu batangije iri koranabuhanga, Martha Lane Fox, bemeza ko tudakwiye “gukabiriza” AI, ahubwo bahamagarira abantu kuganira byimbitse ku bushobozi bwayo.

Ni ayahe mategeko ariho agenga AI?

Leta zitandukanye ku isi zikomeje gutekereza ku gushyiraho amabwiriza agenga Artificial Intelligence.

Abagize inteko ishingamategeko y’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi baherutse gutora bemera itegeko ryatanzwe na EU rizashyiraho urwego rw’amategeko agenga AI kompanyi zigomba kuzagenderaho.

Margrethe Vestager avuga ko “hakenewe imbibi” kugira ngo zikumire ingaruka n’ibyago AI ishobora guteza.

Iryo tegeko rishobora gutangira gukurikizwa mu 2025, rishyira ku rutonde ‘applications’ za AI bitewe n’akaga ziteje ku bazikoresha, za ‘video-games/ jeux vidéo cyangwa za ‘spam filters’ zirinda ubutumwa butari ngombwa cyangwa bubi zikoresha AI ziri ku rutonde rw’iziteje akaga gacye.

Naho ‘Apps’ na ‘systems’ ziri mu ziteje akaga gakomeye ni nk’izikoresha AI mu kubara amahirwe ku nguzanyo, ku gufata umwanzuro wo kugura inzu cyangwa ikindi kintu cy’agaciro, izi ziri mu zishobora gushyirwaho amabwiriza akomeye.
Ibihugu bimwe na bimwe ku isi, nka byinshi muri Africa, ntibirita cyane kuri iri koranabuhanga ririmo kuzamuka kw’isi.

Madamu Vestager abona ko amategeko agenga AI akwiye kuba “ikintu kireba isi yose” ndetse yifuza ko ibihugu “bifite ibitekerezo bimwe” byagira icyo byumvikana kuri ayo mabwiriza.

Abagize inteko ishingamategeko ya Amerika nabo bagaragaje impungenge batewe n’itarambere ry’iri koranabuhanga.

Ubushinwa bwo burashaka gutegeka kompanyi zose kujya zimenyesha abakoresha ikoranabuhanga runaka ibijyanye na algorithm ikoresha AI.

Ni iyihe mirimo izagirwaho ingaruka na AI?

AI ifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura imiterere y’imirimo ku isi, kandi ibyo biteye impungenge z’imirimo imwe n’imwe ishobora gusimburwa n’iri koranabuhanga.

Raporo iheruka ya banki yitwa Goldman Sachs ivuga ko AI ishobora gusimbura imirimo miliyoni 300 ku isi, akazi kamwe na kamwe kakajya gakorwa n’iryo koranabuhanga.

Iyo mirimo ingana na 1/3 cy’imirimo ikorwa n’abantu bose ubu mu Burayi na Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika.
Iyo raporo ivuga inganda zimwe na zimwe n’imirimo ishobora kwibasirwa, nk’imirimo yo mu butegetsi, mu by’amategeko, architecture, ndetse n’icungamari.

Gusa iyo raporo ivuga ko ikoranabuhanga rya AI mu nzego zitandukanye rishobora gutuma umusaruro mbumbe w’isi wiyongeraho 7%.

Ibice bimwe mu rwego rw’ubuvuzi na siyanse kugeza ubu byo bikoresha AI mu buryo buteye imbere: Abaganga bakoresha iri koranabuhanga mu kubona cancer z’ibere, naho abahanga muri siyanse barikoresha mu gukora za antibiotiques nshya.

Umwanditsi: Fabrice HAKUZIMANA